Evidências científicas da prática da violência contra a pessoa idosa: revisão integrativa / Evidencias científicas de la práctica de violencia contra personas mayores: revisión integradora / Scientific evidence of the violence against the older adult: an integrative review

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar as evidências científicas da violência praticada contra a pessoa idosa, com destaque para a prevalência, o perfil da vítima e os fatores de risco. Métodos: Revisão integrativa de artigos disponíveis nas bases de dados da PubMed®, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Banco de Dados em Enfermagem (BDENF), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), publicados entre 2015 a 2019, a partir dos descritores: "idoso", " elderly ", " older person " , " aged ", " old ", " exposure to violence ", "exposição à violência", " aging ", envelhecimento", " elder abuse " , " domestic violence " , " violence ", "violência", "maus-tratos ao idoso" e "violência doméstica". Para refinamento, foram utilizadas as quatro fases do diagrama de fluxo de seleção de artigos do PRISMA. Resultados: Foram identificados 17 artigos que apresentaram como fatores de risco aumentados para a violência contra a pessoa idosa idade avançada, disfuncionalidade familiar, falta de acesso a direitos sociais e condições crônicas de incapacidade. Conclusão: O estudo traz contribuições diretas para os profissionais e setores interessados no enfrentamento da violência contra a pessoa idosa, a qual possui alta prevalência na sociedade atual.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las evidencias científicas de la violencia practicada contra personas mayores, con énfasis en la prevalencia, el perfil de la víctima y los factores de riesgo. Métodos: Revisión integradora de artículos disponibles en las bases de datos de PubMed®, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Banco de Dados em Enfermagem (BDENF), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) y Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS), publicados entre 2015 y 2019, a partir de los descriptores: "anciano", " elderly ", " older person " , " aged ", " old ", " exposure to violence ", "exposición a la violencia", " aging ", "envejecimiento", " elder abuse " , " domestic violence " , " violence ", "violencia", "malos tratos al anciano" y "violencia doméstica". Para refinar la búsqueda, se utilizaron las cuatro fases del diagrama de flujo de selección de artículos PRISMA. Resultados: Se identificaron 17 artículos que presentaron los siguientes factores de riesgo aumentados en la violencia contra personas mayores: edad avanzada, disfuncionalidad familiar, falta de acceso a derechos sociales y condiciones crónicas de incapacidad. Conclusión: El estudio contribuye directamente para los profesionales y sectores interesados en el enfrentamiento a la violencia contra personas mayores, que tiene una alta prevalencia en la sociedad actual.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the scientific evidence of violence against the older adult, with emphasis on the prevalence, the profile of the victim, and the risk factors. Methods: An integrative review of articles available in the PubMed® databases, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Nursing Database (BDENF), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Latin American and Caribbean Research on Health Sciences (LILACS), published between 2015 and 2019, using the descriptors: "idoso" , "older adult", "older person", "aged", "old", "exposure to violence", " exposição à violência ", "aging", envelhecimento" , "elder abuse", "domestic violence", "violence", " violência", "maus-tratos ao idoso" and "violência doméstica" . As to refine it, the four phases of the PRISMA study selection flow diagram were used. Results: 17 articles were identified which presented as increased risk factors for violence against the older adult, family dysfunction, lack of access to social rights and chronic conditions of disability. Conclusion: The study brings direct contributions to professionals and sectors interested in facing violence against the older adult, which has a high prevalence in today's society.

Exposição à violência comunitária e familiar e autoavaliação de saúde na população brasileira / Exposure to Community and Family violence and self-rated health in the Brazilian population

RESUMO: Introdução: Os impactos negativos isolados da violência comunitária e da violência familiar na autoavaliação de saúde (AAS) dos indivíduos são conhecidos, mas existe pouca evidência sobre o efeito combinado desses dois tipos de violência interpessoal. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre a exposição à violência comunitária/por desconhecidos e à violência familiar/por conhecidos e a AAS negativa, distinguindo o tipo de violência sofrido e também considerando sua exposição cumulativa. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico de corte transversal desenvolvido com os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) 2013. Foram realizados modelos de regressão logística multinominal brutos e ajustados para teste de associação das variáveis. Resultados: Todos os tipos de violência analisados se associaram à AAS negativa. A violência interpessoal comunitária/por desconhecidos isolada esteve associada à AAS como regular (odds ratio - OR=1,38) e ruim (OR = 1,79). A exposição à violência familiar/por conhecidos mostrou-se associada à autoavaliação regular (OR = 1,52) e ruim (OR = 2,70). A exposição concomitante às duas violências mostrou-se associada à avaliação regular (OR = 4,00) e ruim da saúde (OR = 7,81), sendo essa associação de maior magnitude que aquelas para as violências isoladas. Conclusão: O efeito cumulativo da exposição à violência familiar/por conhecido e comunitária/por desconhecido potencializa a avaliação negativa do estado de saúde. Os profissionais de saúde devem estar atentos à polivitimização e ao seu impacto na saúde de vítimas que acessam os serviços de saúde.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The isolated negative impacts of community violence and family violence on individuals' self-rated health (SRH) are known, but there is little evidence on the combined effect of these two types of interpersonal violence. Objective: To analyze the association between exposure to community violence/by strangers and family violence/by acquaintances and negative SRH, distinguishing the type of violence suffered and also considering its cumulative exposure. Methods: Epidemiological cross-sectional study developed with data from the National Health Survey (PNS) 2013. Crude multinominal logistic regression models were performed and adjusted to test the association of variables. Results: All types of violence analyzed were associated with negative SRH. Isolated community/unknown interpersonal violence was associated with SRH as regular (odds ratio - OR = 1.38) and bad (OR = 1.79). Exposure to family violence/by acquaintances was associated with regular (OR = 1.52) and bad (OR = 2.70) self-assessment. Concomitant exposure to the two types of violence was associated with regular (OR = 4.00) and bad (OR = 7.81) health assessments, with this association being of greater magnitude than those for isolated violence. Conclusion: The cumulative effect of exposure to family/known and community/unknown violence enhances the negative assessment of health status. Health professionals must be aware of the multivitaminization and its impact on the health of victims who access health services.

América Latina: una historia de violencia heredada. Revisión bibliográfica / Latin America: history of inherited violence.Reviewpaper

Introducción:América Latina a cinco décadas de seguir las políticas económicas y fiscales del Fondo Monetario Internacional y del Banco Mundial, que la llevarían al crecimiento y desarrollo y en lasque los Estados-gobiernos se centraron paraconstruir la democracia,sin tener el efecto deseado, al contrario,la región está viviendo en la violencia más profunda y creciente, sumado al reto delaCOVID-19. Objetivo:Conocer las causas que originaron esta situación, que afecta a la población vulnerable, que sufre la violencia en varios entornos y con efectos diversos. Metodología:Cualitativa (1970-2020); en lo histórico, económico, social, de desarrollo, de crecimiento y bienestar en la región, siguiendo los postulados de Amartya Sen del año 2000 con relación al ejerciciode las libertades de la población y su bienestar. Se prefirieron las revisiones, estados del arte, estudios y análisis. Resultados:Se encontró que el modelo económico colapsó desde 1980 pues fundamentó su base económica solo en los recursos naturales. Continuó la dependencia externa. Las políticas económicas, fiscales y asistenciales tampoco fueron efectivas. La población se quedó sin educación y empleo, generando migración creciente, pobreza extrema y vulnerabilidad. Centroamérica esla zona más golpeadaya que sus habitantes son mayoritariamente rurales e indígenas. Actualmente se sigue el mismo modelo. Regresó la violencia de las fuerzas policiales y esta se detonó también en la población como mecanismo de defensa y sobrevivencia. Conclusiones:Los hallazgos demuestran el fracaso del modelo;las políticas nunca consideraron la capacidad contributiva real, ni las demandas de educación, empleo, seguridad y bienestar. Finalmente, los efectos de la pandemia en la región, corroboran lo endeble del sistema de salud, la fragilidad de las economías y a nivel social, el inminente incremento de población vulnerablecon futuro incierto...(AU)

Does cyberbullying occur simultaneously with other types of violence exposure?

Objective: Our study aimed to verify whether cyberbullying victimization among adolescents occurs concomitantly with other forms of violence exposure (at home, at school and in the community). Methods: A collaborative longitudinal study by Norwegian and Brazilian researchers was conducted in Itaboraí, a low-income city in southeast Brazil. At baseline, trained interviewers applied a semi-structured questionnaire to a population-based sample of 669 in-school adolescents (11-15 years old). The investigated types of violence exposure included cyberbullying, traditional bullying, severe physical punishment by parents and community violence (victimization and eye-witnessed violent events outside the home and school). Results: In the previous six months, 1.9% of the adolescents had been victims of cyberbullying, and 21.9% had been victims of physical aggression, verbal harassment and/or social manipulation by peers. However, only 5.5% of the adolescents considered themselves bullying victims. In the previous 12 months, 12.4% of adolescents had suffered severe physical punishment, 14.0% had been victims of community violence, and 20.9% eye-witnessed community violence. Multivariable regression analysis showed that victimization by multiple types of traditional bullying and self-perceived bullying victimization were correlates of cyberbullying victimization, while suffering violence at home and in the community were not. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of an association between cyberbullying, traditional bullying and self-perceived bullying among low-income Brazilian adolescents.

Occurrence of violence in the elderly and its associated factors / La ocurrencia de violencia en ancianos y sus factores asociados / A ocorrência da violência em idosos e seus fatores associados

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the occurrence of violence in the elderly and its associated factors in the city of Betim, Minas Gerais. Method: cross-sectional study constituted by a population survey conducted through structured interviews. The sample was stratified by clusters and included 178 elderly people at the end. Data were analyzed by the chi-square test and was performed a Correspondence Analysis. Results: The most prevalent forms of violence were: lack of access to social rights (31%), verbal violence (22%), moral/psychological (19%), lack of care (16%), physical violence (6%), sexual (3%) and discrimination (3%). Women suffered more abuse than men and violence had greater association with the degree of depressive symptoms. Conclusion: our research has direct implication for the sectors interested in coping with violence in the elderly, especially for nurses, because it shows violence is part of a cycle with characteristic associated factors that conforms a model nested mainly in the family relationship.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la ocurrencia de violencia en ancianos y sus factores asociados en la ciudad de Betim, Minas Gerais. Método: estudio transversal, constituido por encuesta poblacional realizada a través de entrevistas estructuradas. La muestra fue estratificada por conglomerados y al final, hubo 178 ancianos. Los datos fueron analizados a través del test chi-cuadrado y sometidos al Análisis de Correspondencia. Resultados: Las formas más prevalentes de violencia fueron: la falta de acceso a derechos sociales (31%), la violencia verbal (22%), moral/psicológica (19%), falta de cuidados (16%), violencia física (6%), sexual (3%) y discriminación (3%). Las mujeres sufrieron más abusos que los hombres y la asociación de la violencia con el grado de síntomas depresivos fue mayor. Conclusión: nuestra investigación trae implicación directa para los sectores interesados en el enfrentamiento de la violencia en el anciano, especialmente para los enfermeros, pues evidencia que la violencia es parte de un ciclo con factores asociados característicos que conforman un modelo anidado principalmente, en la relación familiar.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a ocorrência da violência em idosos e seus fatores associados em Betim, Minas Gerais. Método: estudo transversal, constituído por inquérito populacional realizado através de entrevistas estruturadas. A amostra foi estratificada por conglomerados e ao final, contou com 178 idosos. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste qui-quadrado e submetidos à Análise de Correspondência. Resultados: As formas mais prevalentes de violência foram a falta de acesso a direitos sociais (31%), a violência verbal (22%), moral/psicológica (19%), falta de cuidados (16%), violência física (6%), sexual (3%) e discriminação (3%). As mulheres sofreram mais abusos que os homens e houve maior associação com o grau de sintomas depressivos. Conclusão: nossa pesquisa traz implicação direta para os setores interessados no enfrentamento da violência no idoso, especialmente para os enfermeiros, pois evidencia que a violência faz parte de um ciclo com fatores associados característicos, conformando um modelo aninhado, principalmente, no relacionamento familiar.

Prevalence of school violence and use of alcohol and other drugs in adolescents / Prevalência de violência na escola e uso de álcool e outras drogas entre adolescentes / Prevalencia de violencia en la escuela y uso de alcohol y otras drogas entre adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the school violence suffered and practiced and its association with the use of alcohol and other drugs in adolescents between 12 and 18 years old. Method: the study sample consisted of 643 adolescents enrolled in six schools, who answered two self-administered questionnaires: "Global School-based Student Health Survey" and "Violence in School". Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test and the degree of association between the variables was analyzed using the prevalence ratio. Results: the prevalence of school violence suffered and practiced was 62.2% and 51.9%, respectively. About 44.6% of the aggressors said they did not want to change their behavior. There was an expressive prevalence of alcohol use (16.5%), tobacco (15.7%) and illicit drugs (6.8%), and drunkenness (12.6%). There was a significant association between the violence suffered and the age group of 12 to 14 years old (p=0.001); (p=0.011) and education level in elementary school (p<0.001). In mothers with less than eight years of studies, the association was significant for the violence practiced (p=0.002). Conclusion: the study contributes to the aspects involved in school violence, which can subsidize actions and policies in this area.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a violência escolar sofrida e praticada e a sua associação com o uso de álcool e outras drogas entre adolescentes com 12 a 18 anos de idade. Método: a amostra do estudo foi composta por 643 adolescentes matriculados em seis escolas, que responderam a dois questionários autoaplicáveis: "Global School-based Student Health Survey" e "Violência na Escola". A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se o teste Qui-quadrado e o grau de associação entre as variáveis analisado por meio da razão de prevalência. Resultados: as prevalências de violência escolar sofrida e praticada foram de 62,2% e 51,9%, respectivamente. Cerca de 44,6% dos agressores afirmaram não querer mudar seu comportamento. Houve prevalência expressiva do uso de álcool (16,5%), tabaco (15,7%), drogas ilícitas (6,8%) e de embriaguez (12,6%). Houve associação significativa entre a violência sofrida e a faixa etária de 12 a 14 anos (p=0,001), sexo masculino (p=0,011) e grau de escolaridade em ensino fundamental (p<0,001). Em mães com menos de oito anos de estudo, a associação foi significativa para a violência praticada (p=0,002). Conclusão: o estudo traz contribuições para os aspectos envolvidos na violência escolar, que podem subsidiar ações e políticas nesse âmbito.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la violencia escolar sufrida y practicada y su asociación con el uso de alcohol y otras drogas entre adolescentes de 12 a 18 años de edad. Método: la muestra del estudio fue compuesta por 643 adolescentes matriculados en seis escuelas, que respondieron a dos cuestionarios autoaplicables: "Global School-based Student Health Survey" y "Violencia en la Escuela". El análisis estadístico fue realizado utilizando el test Chi-cuadrado y el grado de asociación entre las variables fue analizado por medio de la razón de prevalencia. Resultados: las prevalencias de violencia escolar sufrida y practicada fueron de 62,2% y 51,9% respectivamente. Alrededor del 44,6% de los agresores afirmaron no querer cambiar su comportamiento. Se observó una prevalencia expresiva del uso de alcohol (16,5%), tabaco (15,7%) y drogas ilícitas (6,8%), y de embriaguez (12,6%). Se observó una asociación significativa entre la violencia sufrida y el grupo de edad de 12 a 14 años (p=0,001); sexo masculino (p=0,011) y grado de escolaridad en enseñanza primaria (p<0,001). En madres con menos de ocho años de estudio, la asociación fue significativa para la violencia practicada (p=0,002). Conclusión: el estudio aporta contribuciones a los aspectos envueltos en la violencia escolar, que pueden subsidiar acciones y políticas en este ámbito.

Exposure to violence: associations with psychiatric disorders in Brazilian youth

Objective: The effects of exposure to violent events in adolescence have not been sufficiently studied in middle-income countries such as Brazil. The aims of this study are to investigate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among 12-year-olds in two neighborhoods with different socioeconomic status (SES) levels in São Paulo and to examine the influence of previous violent events and SES on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders. Methods: Students from nine public schools in two neighborhoods of São Paulo were recruited. Students and parents answered questions about demographic characteristics, SES, urbanicity and violent experiences. All participants completed the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) to obtain DSM-IV diagnoses. The data were analyzed using weighted logistic regression with neighborhood stratification after adjusting for neighborhood characteristics, gender, SES and previous traumatic events. Results: The sample included 180 individuals, of whom 61.3% were from low SES and 39.3% had experienced a traumatic event. The weighted prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 21.7%. Having experienced a traumatic event and having low SES were associated with having an internalizing (adjusted OR = 5.46; 2.17-13.74) or externalizing disorder (adjusted OR = 4.33; 1.85-10.15). Conclusions: Investment in reducing SES inequalities and preventing violent events during childhood may improve the mental health of youths from low SES backgrounds.

Prevalencia de violencia física, abuso verbal y factores asociados en trabajadores/as de servicios de emergencia en establecimientos de salud públicos y privados / Verbal and physical abuse towards health care workers in emergency services

Background: One of the peculiarities of our society is the increase in violence and its repercussions in various areas. Health care is not an exemption. Aim: To determine the prevalence of physical violence, verbal abuse towards emergency service health care workers at two public and two private health centers in the province of Concepción, Chile. Material and Methods: A questionnaire for Work Violence in Health Centers, with dimensions about physical violence and verbal abuse was applied to 366 health care workers, stratified according to center and occupational categories. Results: Thirteen percent of workers perceived physical violence. Paramedical technicians had the higher risk of perceiving this type of violence. Fifty nine percent of workers perceived verbal abuse. Nurses and administrative staff had the higher risk of perceiving this type of violence. The most common offenders were patients and family. The most common form of coping with abuse was avoiding a reaction. Most of the physical and verbal aggressions were not reported or denounced. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of verbal abuse and physical violence in emergency services, which requires measures to achieve a zero tolerance to violence in these spaces.

Violência contra o idoso no município de João Pessoa: análise das notificações entre os anos de 2009 e 2015 / Violence against the elderly in the municipality of João Pessoa: analysis of notifications between the years of 2009 and 2015

A apresentação do projeto na disciplina procurou socializar a pesquisa retrospectiva, do tipo estudo ecológico, e fomentar a importância da notificação da violência contra a pessoa idosa que é recente no Brasil. A discussão dos docentes com o grupo foi bastante importante no sentido de potencializarmos esta discussão no âmbito da gestão dos Distritos Sanitários e desta forma espera-se que o estudo após pesquisa proporcione uma maior atenção dos gestores e profissionais de saúde no que concerne a notificação, no sentido de intensificá-las e com isso, impactar a redução dos casos de violência contra idosos

Obstetric violence in the daily routine of care and its characteristics / A violência obstétrica no cotidiano assistencial e suas características / La violencia obstétrica en el cotidiano asistencial y sus características

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the scientific production on obstetric violence by identifying and discussing its main characteristics in the routine care for the pregnant-puerperal cycle. Method: integrative literature review of 24 publications indexed in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, SciVerse Scopus, Web of Science and the Scientific Electronic Library Online and Virtual Health Library. Results: the publications are intensified from 2015 onwards and present methodological designs of quantitative and qualitative nature. In the discussion, we first address the concept of obstetric violence and its different forms of occurrence in care. Then, interfaces of the phenomenon are presented with reflections related to the conception of gender, the different actors involved, the institutionalization, and the invisibility and trivialization of the event. Finally, strategies to combat the problem are presented through academic training, women's awareness, proposals of social mobilization, and creation of public policies and laws. Conclusion: obstetric violence portrays a violation of human rights and a serious public health problem and is revealed in the form of negligent, reckless, omissive, discriminatory and disrespectful acts practiced by health professionals and legitimized by the symbolic relations of power that naturalize and trivialize their occurrence.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a produção científica sobre a violência obstétrica identificando e discutindo suas principais características no cotidiano da assistência ao ciclo gravídico e puerperal. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura de 24 publicações indexadas nas bases de dados Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, SciVerse Scopus, Web of Science e nas bibliotecas Scientific Electronic Library Online e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Resultados: as publicações concentram-se a partir de 2015 com desenhos metodológicos de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa. Na discussão, primeiramente, aborda-se o conceito de violência obstétrica e suas diferentes formas de ocorrência na assistência. Em sequência, são apresentadas as interfaces do fenômeno com reflexões relacionadas à concepção de gênero, aos diferentes atores envolvidos, à institucionalização, à invisibilidade e à banalização do evento. Por fim, são apresentadas as estratégias de enfrentamento perpassando pela formação acadêmica, pela conscientização das mulheres, pelas propostas de mobilização social, pela construção de políticas públicas e leis. Conclusão: a violência obstétrica retrata uma violação dos direitos humanos e um grave problema de saúde pública, revelada nos atos negligentes, imprudentes, omissos, discriminatórios e desrespeitosos praticados por profissionais de saúde e legitimados pelas relações simbólicas de poder que naturalizam e banalizam sua ocorrência.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la producción científica sobre la violencia obstétrica identificando y discutiendo sus principales características en el cotidiano de la asistencia al ciclo gravídico y puerperal. Método: revisión integradora de la literatura de 24 publicaciones indexadas en las bases de datos Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, SciVerse Scopus, Web of Science y en las bibliotecas Scientific Electronic Library Online y Biblioteca Virtual en Salud. Resultados: las publicaciones se concentran a partir de 2015 con diseños metodológicos de naturaleza cuantitativa y cualitativa. En la discusión, primeramente, se enfoca el concepto de violencia obstétrica, sus diferentes formas de ocurrencia en la asistencia. En secuencia, son presentadas las interfaces del fenómeno con reflexiones relacionadas a la concepción de género, a los diferentes actores envueltos, a la institucionalización, la invisibilidad y la banalización del evento. Finalmente, son presentadas las estrategias de enfrentamiento pasando por la formación académica, por la consciencia de las mujeres, por las propuestas de movilización social, por la construcción de políticas públicas y leyes. Conclusión: la violencia obstétrica retrata una violación de los derechos humanos y un grave problema de salud pública, revelada en los actos negligentes, imprudentes, omisos, discriminatorios e irrespetuosos practicados por profesionales de salud y legitimados por las relaciones simbólicas de poder que naturalizan y banalizan su ocurrencia.

Exposure to intimate partner violence and malnutrition among young adult Bangladeshi women: cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample / Exposição à violência entre parceiros íntimos e desnutrição entre mulheres jovens de Bangladesh: um estudo transversal de uma amostra nacional representativa / Exposición a la violencia doméstica y malnutrición entre mujeres adultas jóvenes bangladesíes: estudio transversal de una muestra representativa nacionalmente

Abstract: This study explores the relationship between malnutrition and intimate partner violence (IPV) among 1,086 young adult Bangladeshi women aged 15-24 years using a cross-sectional data from the 2007 Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS). About one-third (33.4%) young adult women experienced physical and/or sexual IPV, 14.5% experienced only sexual IPV and 29% experienced only physical IPV by husbands. About 32.6% young adult women were reported as being underweight (BMI < 18.5) and 6.2% were overweight (BMI ≥ 25). Underweight women experienced more physical IPV (OR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.09-2.71) and physical and/or sexual IPV (OR = 1.48; 95%CI: 1.12-2.75) than normal range women. Results also indicate a positive association between being overweight/obese and all the forms of IPV. The study findings indicate that the IPV experience plays a significant role in underweight and overweight/obese young adult women and support that younger women's health and nutrition program and policies need to address IPV.

Resumo: O estudo explora as relações entre desnutrição e violência entre parceiros íntimos (VPI) em uma amostra de 1.086 mulheres adultas jovens (15-24 anos) de Bangladesh, usando dados transversais do Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS) de 2007. Cerca de um terço (33,4%) dessas mulheres relataram terem sofrido VPI física e/ou sexual, 14,5% apenas VPI sexual e 29% apenas VPI física praticada pelo marido. Cerca de 32,6% das mulheres adultas jovens eram desnutridas (IMC < 18,5), enquanto 6,2% apresentavam sobrepeso (IMC ≥ 25). As mulheres com baixo peso sofriam mais VPI física (OR = 1,39; IC95%: 1,09-2,71) e VPI física e/ou sexual (OR = 1,48; IC95%: 1,12-2,75) quando comparadas às mulheres eutróficas. Os resultados também indicam uma associação positiva entre sobrepeso/obesidade e todas as formas de VPI. Os achados indicam que a exposição à VPI tem um papel significativo na experiência das adultas jovens de baixo peso e com sobrepeso/obesidade e confirmam que são necessários programas e políticas nutricionais e de saúde para as mulheres jovens de Bangladesh.

Resumen: Este estudio explora la relación entre la malnutrición y violencia doméstica (IPV por sus siglas en inglés) entre 1.086 mujeres adultas jóvenes bangladesíes, con una edad entre 15-24 años, usando datos de un estudio transversal, procedentes del 2007 Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS). Cerca de un tercio (33,4%) de las mujeres adultas jóvenes sufrieron violencia física y/o sexual IPV, 14,5% sufrieron sólo sexual IPV, y un 29% sufrieron sólo física IPV por parte de sus maridos. Cerca de un 32,6% de las mujeres adultas jóvenes se encontraban por debajo del peso ideal (IMC < 18,5) y un 6,2% tenían sobrepeso (BMI ≥ 25). Las mujeres con el peso por debajo del apropiado sufrían más violencia física IPV (OR = 1,39; IC95%: 1,09-2,71) y física y/o sexual IPV (OR = 1,48; IC95%: 1,12-2,75), en comparación con el rango normal de mujeres. Los resultados también indican una asociación positiva entre sufrir sobrepeso/obesidad y todas las formas de IPV. Los hallazgos del estudio indican que sufrir IPV tiene un papel significativo en el peso por debajo del peso ideal y con sobrepeso/obesas de las mujeres adultas jóvenes y el apoyo a salud de estas mujeres más jóvenes, que necesitan tanto programas de nutrición, como políticas especialmente dirigidas a mujeres que sufren violencia doméstica.

Risk of violence-related injury from alcohol consumption and its burden to society in Latin America and the Caribbean / Riesgo de traumatismos relacionados con la violencia producto del consumo de alcohol y su carga social en América Latina y el Caribe / Risco de lesões resultantes da violência associada ao uso de álcool e o ônus à sociedade na América Latina e no Caribe

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the relative risk (RR) and societal burden of injury related to alcohol-attributable intentional interpersonal violence (alcohol-attributable fraction or AAF), and the dose-response relationship, in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), where both the RR and AAF for violence-related injuries are believed to be particularly high. Methods A probability sample of 1 024 emergency department patients from 10 LAC countries who reported an intentional interpersonal violence-related injury (IVRI) was analyzed using case-crossover fractional polynomial analysis of the number of drinks consumed prior to the event. Results A dose-response relationship with a sixfold increase in risk (RR = 5.6) for up to two drinks prior to injury was observed. Risk was higher for 1) females versus males at more than 10 drinks and 2) males and females 30+ years old versus those younger than 30 at all volume levels. Overall, 32.7% of the 1 024 intentional IVRIs were attributable to alcohol. The AAF was three times larger for males (38%) than for females (12.3%). Conclusions A dose-response relationship between the volume of alcohol consumed prior to the event and the risk of intentional IVRI was found. Risk was not uniform across gender or age. Females were at greater risk of injury compared to males at higher volumes of drinking but had a lower AAF due to their lower prevalence of drinking at higher levels.

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar el riesgo relativo (RR) de la carga social de los traumatismos relacionados con actos de violencia interpersonal intencional atribuibles al alcohol (fracción atribuible al alcohol o AAF) y la relación dosis-efecto en América Latina y el Caribe, donde se cree que tanto el RR como la AAF por traumatismos relacionados con la violencia son particularmente altos. Métodos Se estudió una muestra probabilística de 1 024 pacientes que ingresaron al servicio de urgencias de 10 países de América Latina y el Caribe y que declararon un traumatismo relacionado con un acto de violencia interpersonal (IVRI) intencional, usando para ello un análisis polinomial fraccionario con cruce de casos del número de bebidas consumidas antes del incidente. Resultados Se observó una relación dosis-efecto con un aumento de seis veces el riesgo (RR = 5,6) con hasta dos bebidas antes del traumatismo. El riesgo fue mayor para: 1) las mujeres respecto de los hombres con más de 10 bebidas y 2) los hombres y mujeres mayores de 30 años de edad frente a los menores de 30 años en todos los niveles de volumen. En términos generales, 32,7% de los 1 024 IVRI intencionales fueron atribuibles al alcohol. La AAF fue tres veces mayor para los hombres (38%) que para las mujeres (12,3%). Conclusiones Se observó una relación dosis-efecto entre el volumen de alcohol consumido antes del incidente y el riesgo de IVRI intencional. El riesgo no fue uniforme entre los dos sexos ni en todas las edades. Las mujeres tuvieron un riesgo mayor de traumatismo en comparación con los hombres a volúmenes mayores de consumo, pero tuvieron una AAF más baja debido a una prevalencia más baja del consumo de alcohol en mayores cantidades.

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar o risco relativo (RR) e o ônus à sociedade de lesões intencionais resultantes da violência interpessoal atribuível ao uso de álcool (fração de risco atribuível ao consumo de álcool, FAA) e a relação de dose-resposta na América Latina e no Caribe (ALC). Acredita-se que o RR e a FAA de lesões resultantes da violência sejam particularmente altos na região. Métodos Foi estudada uma amostra probabilística englobando 1.024 pacientes atendidos no setor de emergência de 10 países da ALC por lesão intencional resultante de violência interpessoal (LIVI). Foi realizado um estudo de caso-cruzado com análise polinomial fracionada do número de doses de bebida alcoólica consumidas antes do evento. Resultados Verificou-se uma relação de dose-resposta com aumento do risco de seis vezes (RR = 5,6) associado a duas doses ou menos de bebida alcoólica consumidas antes da ocorrência das lesões. O risco foi maior: 1) no sexo feminino em comparação ao masculino com o consumo acima de 10 doses de bebida alcoólica e 2) em indivíduos do sexo masculino e feminino com acima de 30 anos em comparação aos indivíduos com idade abaixo de 30 anos em todos os níveis de consumo. De modo geral, 32,7% das 1.024 LIVI foram atribuíveis ao consumo de álcool. A FAA foi três vezes maior no sexo masculino (38%) que no feminino (12,3%). Conclusões Observou-se uma relação de dose-resposta entre o nível de consumo de álcool antes do evento e o risco de LIVI. O risco variou por sexo ou idade. Em comparação aos homens, as mulheres apresentaram maior risco de lesão nos níveis mais elevados de consumo de álcool, porém com FAA menor devido à baixa prevalência do consumo de álcool nestes níveis.

Previous experience of family violence and intimate partner violence in pregnancy

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate differential associations between the exposure to violence in the family of origin and victimization and perpetration of intimate partner violence in pregnancy. METHODS A nested case-control study was carried out within a cohort study with 1,120 pregnant women aged 18-49 years old, who were registered in the Family Health Strategy of the city of Recife, State of Pernambuco, Brazil, between 2005 and 2006. The cases were the 233 women who reported intimate partner violence in pregnancy and the controls were the 499 women who did not report it. Partner violence in pregnancy and previous experiences of violence committed by parents or other family members were assessed with a standardized questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were modeled to identify differential associations between the exposure to violence in the family of origin and victimization and perpetration of intimate partner violence in pregnancy. RESULTS Having seen the mother suffer intimate partner violence was associated with physical violence in childhood (OR = 2.62; 95%CI 1.89-3.63) and in adolescence (OR = 1.47; 95%CI 1.01-2.13), sexual violence in childhood (OR = 3.28; 95%CI 1.68-6.38) and intimate partner violence during pregnancy (OR = 1.47; 95% CI 1.01 - 2.12). The intimate partner violence during pregnancy was frequent in women who reported more episodes of physical violence in childhood (OR = 2.08; 95%CI 1.43-3.02) and adolescence (OR = 1.63; 95%CI 1.07-2.47), who suffered sexual violence in childhood (OR = 3.92; 95%CI 1.86-8.27), and who perpetrated violence against the partner (OR = 8.67; 95%CI 4.57-16.45). CONCLUSIONS Experiences of violence committed by parents or other family members emerge as strong risk factors for intimate partner violence in pregnancy. Identifying and understanding protective and risk factors for the emergence of intimate partner violence in pregnancy and its maintenance may help policymakers and health service managers to develop intervention strategies.

Institutional violence and quality of service in obstetrics are associated with postpartum depression

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between institutional violence in obstetrics and postpartum depression (PP depression) and the potential effect of race, age, and educational level in this outcome. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study about the health care conditions for the maternal and child population of the Federal District, Brazil, carried out in 2011. The study has used a probabilistic sample of 432 women, whose children were aged up to three months, stratified by clusters. Indicators of institutional violence and demographic characteristics have been used in a logistic regression model to estimate the probability of occurrence of postpartum depression. RESULTS The model has identified a high prevalence of postpartum depression, being it higher among non-white women and adolescent females, besides having a strong positive association between the several indicators of obstetric violence and postpartum depression. Positive interactions on a multiplicative scale have also been observed between: violence by negligence by health care professionals and race and age; physical violence from health care professionals and age; and, verbal violence from health care professionals and race. CONCLUSIONS The indicators adopted to reflect institutional violence in obstetric care are positively associated with postpartum depression, which calls for a reflection on the need to make the health care protocols adequate to the precepts of the Brazilian humanization of childbirth care policies and changes in the obstetric care model.

Victimization, perception of insecurity, and changes in daily routines in Mexico / Victimización, percepción de inseguridad y cambios en las rutinas cotidianas en México

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the relationships between victimization, perception of insecurity, and changes in routines. METHODS The 8,170 subjects of both sexes (49.9% women and 50.1% men) aged between 12 and 60 years, selected from a proportional stratified sampling, participated in this study. The measuring instrument was an adaptation of the National Survey on Victimization and Perception of Public Security. Chi-square tests were performed. RESULTS The results show significant differences on victimization and sex regarding perception of insecurity, restrictions on everyday activities, and protection measures. 13.1% of those interviewed claimed to have been victims of a crime in the past 12 months. 52.7% of women considered their municipality as unsafe or very unsafe. In the case of men, this percentage was 58.2%. Female victims reported significant restrictions in everyday activities when compared to non-victims. In relation to men, the percentage of victims with a high restriction of activities was higher in male victims than non-victims. In the group of victimized women, the segment of women who opted for increased measures of protection against crime was larger than expected, while those of non-victims who took less protective measures was lower than expected. These same results were observed in the group of men. CONCLUSIONS The experience of victimization implies a greater perception of insecurity. However, the climate of insecurity is widespread in a large number of citizens. Gender differences in a high-crime environment show the importance of investigating in depth the roles of both genders in the perception of insecurity and changes in routines.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analizar las relaciones existentes entre victimización, percepción de inseguridad y cambios en las rutinas. MÉTODOS Participaron en este estudio 8,170 sujetos de ambos sexos (49.9% mujeres y 50.1% hombres) de entre 12 y 60 años, seleccionados a partir de un muestro estratificado proporcional. El instrumento de medida fue una adaptación de la Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Seguridad Pública. Se realizaron pruebas Chi-cuadrado. RESULTADOS Los resultados evidencian diferencias significativas en cuanto a victimización y sexo con respecto a percepción de inseguridad, restricciones de actividades cotidianas y medidas de protección. Un 13.1% de las personas entrevistadas afirmaron haber sido víctimas de un delito en los últimos doce meses. El 52.7% de las mujeres consideraron su municipio como inseguro o muy inseguro. En el caso de los hombres, este porcentaje fue de 58.2%. Las mujeres víctimas señalaron restricciones en la vida cotidiana significativas en comparación con las no víctimas. Con relación a los hombres, el porcentaje de víctimas con un alta restricción de actividades fue mayor en los hombres víctimas que en los hombres no víctimas. En el grupo de mujeres victimizadas, el segmento de mujeres que optaron por mayores medidas de protección frente a la delincuencia fue mayor de lo esperado, mientras que las mujeres no víctimas que asumieron menores medidas de protección fue menor de lo esperado. Estos mismos resultados se observaron en el grupo de los hombres. CONCLUSIONES La experiencia de victimización lleva implícita una mayor percepción de inseguridad. Sin embargo, el clima de inseguridad se encuentra diseminado en gran cantidad de la ciudadanos. Las diferencias de género en un clima de alta criminalidad muestran la importancia de investigar a profundidad los roles de ambos sexos en la percepción de inseguridad y los cambios en las rutinas.

Predominio de violencia en la población del cantón de Tibás: enero, 2012 a julio, 2014 / Prevalence of violence in the population of the cantón of Tibás: January 2012 to July, 2014

ResumenIntroducción:El objetivo de la presente investigación es identificar el predominio de violencia en la población del cantón de Tibás, de enero del año 2012 a julio, del 2014. La violencia implica posibilidad de daño o daño en sí, lo cual afecta negativamente la salud de las personas ya sea como individuos o como grupo, razón por la que es esencial identificar y describir sus manifestaciones en la comunidad, para así poder tomar medidas concretas contra ella, reducir su impacto y mejorar la salud de las personas.Metodología:El estudio consiste en una investigación epidemiológica de tipo descriptiva y transversal, basada en datos recolectados en el Area Rectora de Salud del Cantón de Tibás mediante la boleta de notificación obligatoria VE-01.Resultados:Se determinó que la violencia es una situación que afecta en su mayoría a niños y niñas de 0-9 años, el tipo más común es la negligencia o abandono. En cuanto a las zonas más afectadas, se destaca Cinco Esquinas, seguida de León XIII, además el género femenino es el más afectado, datos que concuerdan con la literatura revisada.Conclusión:Se concluye que la violencia es un problema de salud pública, un fenómeno con múltiples repercusiones y que dentro de las poblaciones más vulnerables se encuentran las mujeres, personas adultas mayores, niños y niñas, sin dejar de lado que todas las personas están expuestas a sufrir algún tipo de violencia.

AbstractIntroduction:The objective of this research is to identify the prevalence of violence in the population of the Cantón of Tibás, January 2012 to July 2014. The violence involves possibility of injury or damage itself, which negatively affects the health of people either as a group or as individuáis, why it is essential to identify and describe its manifestations in the community, in order to take concrete measures against it, reduce its impact and improve the health of people.Methodology:The study is a descriptive epidemiological investigation and transverse type, based on data collected in the área of Health Governing Cantón Tibás by ballot notifiable VE-01.Results:It was determined that violence is a situation that affects mostly children aged 0-9 years, and most common type is the neglect or abandonment. As for the worst affected áreas, Cinco Esquinas stands out, followed by León XIII, also the female gender is most affected, which is consistent with the literature reviewed.Conclusión:We conclude that violence is a public health problem, a phenomenon with múltiple implications and within the most vulnerable women, the elderly and children are, without forgetting that all people are exposed suffer some kind of violence.

La dinámica poblacional y la violencia armada en Colombia, 1985-2010 / Population dynamics and armed violence in Colombia, 1985-2010

OBJETIVO: Describir la evolución de la estructura poblacional de los municipios de Colombia de acuerdo con su situación de desplazamiento interno como consecuencia de la violencia armada MÉTODOS: Para llevar a cabo la investigación se desarrolló un estudio ecológico descriptivo. Se consultaron fuentes secundarias tomadas del Registro Único de Población Desplazada y del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística con el fin de calcular las tasas de expulsión y recepción de población desplazada por la violencia en los años comprendidos entre el 2002 y el 2010. En base a estas tasas se construyeron cuatro grupos de municipios clasificados de la siguiente manera: alta expulsión, baja expulsión, alta recepción y baja recepción con aquellos municipios que en ese período permanecieron todos los años en el cuartil extremo de cada tasa. Posteriormente se tomaron dos puntos de corte comparativos en el tiempo 1985 y 2010. Se construyeron pirámides poblacionales e indicadores de estructura para cada uno de los grupos de municipios RESULTADOS: Los municipios expuestos a altas tasas de expulsión y de recepción presentaron una transición epidemiológica más lenta, con una edad media e índice de envejecimiento menores. El índice de Sundbärg permitió establecer que el grupo de alta expulsión fue el que menos regresión presentó. El grupo de alta recepción fue el que más disminuyó su índice de masculinidad sobre todo en la población ecomómicamente activa y fue el que más creció CONCLUSIONES: La dinámica poblacional ha sido afectada por la violencia armada y no tiene una distribución regular a lo largo del territorio colombiano lo que genera consecuencias sociales, económicas y culturales trascendentales. Este estudio es útil para la toma de decisiones y la construcción de política pública.

OBJECTIVE: Describe changes in the population structure of Colombia's municipalities in relation to internal displacement in response to armed violence METHODS: A descriptive ecological study was carried out. Secondary sources were consulted, taken from the Consolidated Registry of Displaced Population and from the National Administrative Department of Statistics, to calculate expulsion and reception rates for population displaced by violence from 2002 to 2010. Based on these rates, four groups were created of municipalities in the extreme quartile for each rate during the entire period, which were classified as high expulsion, low expulsion, high reception, and low reception. Subsequently, population pyramids and structure indicators were constructed for each group of municipalities for two comparative reference years (1985 and 2010 RESULTS: Municipalities with high expulsion or reception rates experienced a slower epidemiological transition, with lower mean ages and aging indices. The high expulsion group had the least regression, based on the Sundbärg index. In the high reception group, the masculinity ratio decreased the most, especially among the economically active population, and it had the highest population growth CONCLUSIONS: Population dynamics in Colombia have been affected by armed violence and changes in these dynamics are not uniform across the country, leading to important social, economic, and cultural consequences. This study is useful for decision-making and public policy making.